From our discussion so far, it is clear that the wave-like recurrence of sound and motion that constitutes poetic rhythm has its foundation or basis in the pattern of stresses and the length of lines of poetry. This aspect of the nature of rhythm necessitates a knowledge of the metrical schemes, be they ‘regular’ (basic metre) or ‘irregular’ (deviation from the basic metre). Metre has been defined “as a repetitive and symmetrical pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables on which a poem is based” and is usually indicated by the symbols or marks: ( ˇ ) for stressed syllables and ( — ) for unstressed syllables.
The following is a table of the four common feet in English poetry with their sounds and examples:
Name of foot Name of metre Sound Example
Iamb Iambic Ďa Dum Return
Trochee Trochaic Du—m Ďa turning, running
anapaest Anapaestic Ďa Ďa Dum resurrect, jubilate
Dactyl Dactylic Dum Ďa Ďa curious, serious, furious
Sound
Sound is one of the most pleasing features in a poem. Along with rhythm, it constitutes the foundation of the musical quality that is associated with poetry as a form of literature. Accordingly, its functions in a poem are similar to those of rhythm which we have discussed in the preceding section on rhythm. The nature or significance of sound in a poem can be better appreciated when the poem is read aloud. This, however, does not mean that the aural qualities are not realised when a poem is read silently: for the experienced reader, these qualities remain and are realised as inherent parts of the total poem; instead of the vocalised realisation that marks reading aloud, these qualities are achieved through a process of sub-vocal enunciation. When effectively deployed in a poem, sound effects enable the reader to achieve a state of mind in which he can more readily appreciate the emotions and meanings conveyed in the poem by the writer. In the words of Heese and Lawton, “much of the delight to be derived from the reading of poetry stems from the pleasure experienced in contemplating patterns which are not only decorative but significant” (33).
Generally, sound effects in poetry not only give aural/auditory pleasure to the reader, they equally give added significance to the words used by the poet. In other words, sound in poetry is used to convey meaning, emotions and pleasure. For example, the poet employs such literary devices as alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme, onomatopoeia, repetition, refrain, etc., to place desired emphasis on particular words as well as achieve specific emotions or sensations in his work. It is important that the sound be appropriate to the experience or action presented in a line, stanza or on work in its entirety. The effects produced by sound in a poem could be good or bad depending on how skilful the poet is.
The following examples would illustrate some of the sound effects, such as alliteration, assonance, consonance, repetition, and rhyme, commonly used by poets and their effects when skilfully applied:
-
I have given you hands which you turn from worship,
I have given you speech, for endless palaver,
I have given you my Law, and you set up commissions,
I have given you lips, to express friendly sentiments,
I have given you hearts, for reciprocal distrust.
I have given you power of choice, and you only alternate
Between futile speculation and unconsidered action.
(Eliot, Choruses from ‘The Rock III’ 115)
- The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow follow’d free;
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
- Swiftly, swiftly flew the ship,
Yet she sailed softly too:
Sweetly, sweetly blew the breeze –
On me alone it blew.
- The ice was here, the ice was there,
The ice was all around:
It crack’d and growl’d, and roar’d and howl;d,
Like noises in a swound!
Samuel T Coleridge (Reeves 181, 182, 195)
You should take your time to appreciate these stanzas from the poet’s memorable art/literary ballad “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”. Indeed, you should find a suitable anthology of English poetry and read this poem in its entirety because it is a sort of compendium from which one could draw illustrations of most of the devices and elements studied in this course. In terms of music, there is much sense in Pound’s assertion that “the way to learn the music of verse is to listen to it” (ABC 56). Listening does not just imply listening to someone else read aloud lines of poetry; you can equally listen to yourself as you read just the way you listen to yourself as you sing a song.
Diction
Diction in very simple terms means the use of words in oral or written discourse; the peculiar choice of words used by the poet or his vocabulary considered for their meaning and association rather than for their aural qualities. More expansively, Abrams has defined the term as “the selection of words in a work of literature. A writer’s diction can be analysed under such categories as the degree to which his vocabulary is abstract or concrete, Latinate or Anglo-Saxon in origin, colloquial or formal, technical or common, literal or figurative” (131).
Accordingly, nothing is a clearer indication of the interests, habit of mind and the period of a poet than his diction – the words he uses in his poems. Different periods in English literature have chosen and popularised various forms of poetic diction. In addition to the categories mentioned in Abrams’ definition above, a poet’s diction can also be described as plain or ornate, homely or exotic, contemporary or archaic, familiar or cryptic, etc., and each kind has its attractions as well as its limitations. You should be able to analyse any given poem to determine the dominant pattern of the diction or selection of words employed by a poet in his work.
Compare the following excerpts in terms of the diction used by the poets. You will discover on reading the lines that there is a world of difference between the poets’ peculiar choice of words in their works, as represented in these lines; you should also be able to categorise the diction as well as explain the reasons behind your categories.
-
It comes so quickly
The bird of death
From evil forests of Soviet technology
A man crossing the road
to greet a friend
is much too slow (Achebe “Air Raid”, BSB 15)
- In the greyness
and drizzle of one despondent
dawn unstirred by harbingers
of sunbreak a vulture
perching high on broken
bone of a dead tree
nestled close to his
mate (Achebe “Vultures”, BSB 39)
CONCLUSION
Poetry has been variously defined by different poets and critics over the ages – while some would prefer to see it as the subject or content that is written about by the poet, others emphasise that it is the manner of expressing this contents that should determine the essential nature of poetry. Nonetheless, irrespective of the positions of these schools of thought, there is consensus on the major elements that, by and large, distinguish poetry from other forms of writing, viz: imagery; rhythm; sound; diction.
In this article, we have focused attention on the elements of poetry that differentiate it from the other major genres of literature, drama and the novel. With some suitable examples, we have been able to indicate as well as demonstrate the nature of these elements and their contribution to the effectiveness or quality of a poem. We have learnt that the elements – imagery, rhythm, sound and diction – are the vehicles that the poet utilises to convey his thoughts and emotions as well as delight his readers.
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1. I don’t have money
2. I can’t talk to people
3. I don’t do stuff like this
4. I’m too Busy
Your excuses may be legit but they won’t improve your Life.
• *LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM is Fully Registered with CAC. WHICH IS COOPERATE AFFAIR COMMISSION( For those Who Think LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT is Not Registered)*
*LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM is a platform network that deal with investing of money just within 45mins you will get back your money double*
CONTACT:- +2349036369810
*LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM PACKAGE’S*
*N20,000====N40,000*
*N30, 000====N60,000*
*N50,000====N100,000*
*N100,000====N200,000*
*N200,000 ====N400,000*
*N400,000====N800,000*
*==============*
*I know you are skeptical about this because of the negative experience a lot of issues as regards scamming in the global world. I assure you 101% that you won’t lose your money this is because I know the risk of this profit oriented business and I know how to avoid them using my trading skills and signals to make only wins and no losses.*
*Are u a worker?*
♊ *Are u a student looking for your school fees? Are u a woman looking for money to pay your children school fees?*
♊ *Are u jobless and u need where u can make source of income?*
♊ *LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM is here for you! With a little amount u can earn and make more more source of income without any problems*
♊ *LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM is a platform network that deal with investing of money just within 45mins you will get back your money double*
*Thank you for your time you can click on the link below to get started, please only serious minded People are expected to message the administrator.*..
CONTACT NAME Mrs. ELIZABETH TINA
CONTACT:- 09036369810
GOOD DAY SIR/MA
HAVE YOU HELD ABOUT RICH CONNECT TRUST INVESTMENT…?
RICH CONNECT TRUST INVESTMENT is a matrix system which give you DOUBLE of your CAPITAL back in ( 45 Minutes ) after Registrations
RICH CONNECT PACKAGES
N20,000——N40,000
N40,000——N80,000
N50,000——N100,000
N100,000—–N200,000
N150,000—–N350,000
N300,000—–N600,000
N200,000—–N400,000
N400,000—–N800,000
N500,000—–N1,000,000
NOTE: we credit your account after 45mins of Your Registeration
INTRODUCTION
RICH CONNECT TRUST Investment is a company duely registered under the Coporate Affairs Commission of Nigeria and certified fraud free to do business in Nigeria by the Economic Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). This is a Nigerian network marketing company founded by Okafor Alex Monye with it’s Head Quarter’s. The company takes pride in the fact that it stands out amongst other network marketing companies. It has the best compensation plan, affordable and effective services, systems that keeps her customers coming back for more. When you join this company, you get more than their outstanding services.
07046246360
ITS SIMPLE HERE!!!!!!!
We trade with hard currency here like bit coin we make 3tripple of your donation and send you you two part and we benefit one part Example if you invest with 100k within 45mins we make profit of 300k then send 200k to you then profit 100k This is not mmm where they merge people to donate for each other
You pay directly to us and we credit you directly
Contact Mr. GOODLUCK TIMOTHY
07046246360
NOTE:- YOU GET CREDITED BACK IN LESS THAN 45 MINUTES.
CHAT US-UP IF INTEREST FILL YOUR FORM AND START EARNING
NOTE: You can finish reading this and decide not to take the necessary actions, but the next time you want to complain about not having money, just know that you are on your own problem.