The Dramaturgy of Christopher Marlowe
Christopher Marlowe’s plays are among the world’s finest dramatic literature, in terms of complexity of plot, impelling characterisation, fine and fiery dialogue. They are a signature of the truth about human nature and of an age driven by Machiavellianism in which, according to Horton and Hopper (1954), “cleverness and boldness seem to have been the new virtues most admired”. His plays reflect the fiery temper of the Elizabethan world through the stories they tell, and what the characters think, do, or say. Marlowe inaugurated the overreaching, hero-villian tradition of plays, which William Shakespeare consolidated in his unbeatable masterpieces. Eze (2006) posits that “Marlowe’s popularity does not only stem from the grandeur of his poetry and penetrating tragic tone, but lies heavily on the social relevance and sublimity of his themes”.
Themes of Power, Wealth and Treachery
Marlowe’s Elizabethan age disclosed to men, “a store of wealth and power in the world which they were too stunned and intoxicated to use well” (Bronowski and Mazilish, 1970: 23). As a playwright who was sensitive to his environment, Marlowe did not ignore this living problem in his dramaturgy. Rather, “like an alchemist, separating pure gold from the base metals, in the crucible of his art, he extracted the ‘pure’ drives of human nature” (1970: 166). His tragedies are ethical comments on certain disquieting human possibilities, the lust for power and gold. They do not only present before our very eyes, “the thunder and flaming” (Watt, 1968: 213) involved in treacherous pursuit and use of power, as well as malevolent wealth acquisition, they equally show us “the certainty with which the hand of judgement clutches the heel of the deed” (1968: 212). In Tambudaine the Great, King Edward the Second, and the Jew of Malta, Marlowe shows us “the loose morals of a free and easy age” (1968: 213), the depth of human greed, decadence and pathos; but in all this, he still allows us to hear the penetrating cry of that “still small voice.”
In Tumburlaine the Great, Marlowe paints the picture of the Renaissance period as “an age in which power was often personal and usurpers existed at the head of many states” (Bronowski and Mazlish, 1970: 23). In this greatly tumultuous tragedy, Tarmburlaine, a “Scythian shepherd becomes the scourge of the eastern world” (Vargas, 1960:102). His thirst for power is neither to permit social mobility in the Persian politics, nor to help the masses, who Cosroe argues, “droof and languish in Mycetes’ government, to have a good sense of governance. His aim of seeking limitless power is to become the “arch-monarch of the world, the earthly God” (Part II, Act I Scene III).
The Elizabethan age was a period of overreaching, and an age of great tempestuous passion. Bronowski and Mazlish express the view that: “during a period of overreaching, even God might be bypassed by a few daring spirits. When men themselves become godlike in their power and attributes, there seemed no need for other gods” (1970: 168). Luis Vargas notes that “the swift conquests of Tamburlaine, his unbridled wrath, and the captive kings chained to walk beside his chariot” (Vargas, 1960), give him the impression of himself as a god among men. And he parades himself as one. For example, when Theridamas loses the courage to fight him and instead begins to adore him; Tamburliane proudly tells him:
Forsake thy king and do but join me
And we will triumph all over the world
I hold the fate fast bound in chains
And with my hand turns fortune’s wheel about
And sooner shall the sun falls from his sphere
Than Tamburlaine be slain or overcome
(Part I, Act I Scene I)
Every statement of Tamburlaine in the play reveals the ethos and quintessence of a superman. When Zenocrate, his wife becomes surfeited with his war-mongering attitude, she asks him:
Sweet Tamburlaine, when wilt thou leave these arms
And save thy sacred person from scathe
And dangerous chances of the wrathful war?
Tamburlaine arrogantly answers:
When heaven shall cease to move on both the poles, and when ground, whereupon my soldier march Shall rise aloft and touch the horned moon (Part I Act I Scene III).
Like God whom Shakespeare says ‘makes sport of men’, Tamburlaine’s motive for assisting Cosroe to oust his brother from the throne, is to make sport of him. Immediately Mycetes is defeated and Cosroe sets out to ride in triumph through Perspolis, Tamburlaine who believes that such glory should be his alone, uses force to deprive Cosroe not only the crown the very day he puts it on, but also his life. Tamburlaine does not only see himself as fate itself, his belief in the force of arms makes him
to consider the gods as inconsequential. Hence, when he captures Cosroe’s crown by means of brute force, he chides the gods:
Though Mars himself, the angry god of arms
And all the earthly potentates conspire
To dispossess me of this diadem,
Yet will I wear it in despite of them
(Part I Act II Scene I)
Similarly, when Tamburlaine defeats Bejazeth and turns him into a footstool, he tells Bajazeth, in a mocking tone that:
The cheapest God, first mover of that sphere Enchased with thousands ever-shining lampsWill sooner burn the glorious frame of heavenThan it should so conspire my overthrow
(Part 1 Act IV Scene II).
Tamburlaine does not only talk about his supremacy over the gods, he seeks to demonstrate it in practical terms. Thus, when sickness begins to assail him, he requests his soldiers to join him pick up arms against the powers of heaven that proclaim his demise:
What daring god torment my body thus
And seeks to conquer mighty Tamburlaine?
Shall sickness now prove me to be a man
That have been termed the terror of the world?
Techelles and the rest, come, take your swords
And threaten him whose hand afflicts my soul
Come let us march against the powers of heaven
and set black streamers in the firmament
To signify the slaughter of the gods.
(Part II, Act V, Scene IV).
However, can Tamburlaine by means of his physical strength and authority conquer the powers of Heaven? The answer to the above question explains the moral gleam of the play. Tamburlaine’s quest for power leads him to decimate nations, tumble crowns and capture kings; but in spite of his physical strength and military valour, death proclaims his demise, while he has not yet become the ‘arch-monarch of the world’ nor ‘chase the stars from Heaven and dim their eyes’. When he perceives that death has drained his marital strength, he requests:
Give me a map; then let me see how much
Is left for me to conquer the world
(Part II, Act V, Scene III)
A thorough examination of the map reveals to him that his life ambition has not been realised. A feeling of dissatisfaction and resentment overwhelms him, and he laments:
Look here, my boys; see what a world of ground
Lies westward from the midst of Cancer’s line
Unto the rising of this earthly globe.
Whereas the sun, declining from our sight,
Begins the day with antipodes!
And I shall die, and all this unconquered?
Look here, my sons, are all the golden mines
Inestimable drugs and precious stones
More worth than Asia and the world besides
And from the Antarctic poles eastward behold
As much more land, which never was decried
Wherein are rocks of pearls that shine as bright
As all the lamps that beautify the sky!
And I shall die, and all this unconquered?
(Part II, act V, Scene III).
Tamburlaine’s dying lamentations and anguish of the soul, demonstrate the futility of human power. His death is an indication that human power is, at least, limited by death. Tamburlaine never enjoys his majesty; neither does his men the benefit arising from it. Daunting thought of conquest never allows his soul any moment of bliss, nor his men any chance of enjoying the fruits of conquered lands.
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♦️♦️♦️♦️♦️♦️♦️
*NO MORE EXCUSES*
1. I don’t have money
2. I can’t talk to people
3. I don’t do stuff like this
4. I’m too Busy
Your excuses may be legit but they won’t improve your Life.
• *Lavita Ricca Investment is Fully Registered with with FGN. with RC NO 1582489( For those Who Think Lavita Ricca is Not Registered)* *Contact Administrator Management Mrs. Elizabeth Tina On *(09036369810)
*Lavita Ricca Investment is a platform network that deal with investing of money just within 45 minutes you will get back your money double*
?phone=+2349036369810
*Lavita Ricca PACKAGE’S*
*N20,000====N40,000*
*N40,000====N80,000*
*N50,000====N100,000*
*N100,000====N200,000*
*N200,000 ====N400,000*
*N400,000====N800,000*
*======== = = ========*
*I know you are skeptical about this because of the negative experience a lot of issues as regards scamming in the MMM. I assure you 101% that you won’t lose your money this is because I know the risk of this profit oriented business and I know how to avoid them using my trading skills and signals to make only wins and no losses.*
*Are u a worker?*
 *Are u a student looking for your school fees? Are u a woman looking for money to pay your children school fees?*
 *Are u jobless and u need where u can make source of income?*..
 *Lavita Ricca Investment is here for you! With a little amount u can earn and make more more source of income without any problems*
 *Lavita Ricca Investment is a platform network that deal with investing of money just within 45mins you will get back your money double*
*Thank you for your time you can click on the link below to get started, please only serious minded people are expected to message the administrator.( 09036369810 )
*LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM*
♦️♦️♦️♦️♦️♦️
♦️♦️♦️♦️♦️♦️
*NO MORE EXCUSES*
1. I don’t have money
2. I can’t talk to people
3. I don’t do stuff like this
4. I’m too Busy
Your excuses may be legit but they won’t improve your Life.
• *LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM is Fully Registered with CAC. WHICH IS COOPERATE AFFAIR COMMISSION( For those Who Think LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT is Not Registered)*
*LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM is a platform network that deal with investing of money just within 45mins you will get back your money double*
CONTACT:- +2349036369810
*LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM PACKAGE’S*
*N20,000====N40,000*
*N30, 000====N60,000*
*N50,000====N100,000*
*N100,000====N200,000*
*N200,000 ====N400,000*
*N400,000====N800,000*
*==============*
*I know you are skeptical about this because of the negative experience a lot of issues as regards scamming in the global world. I assure you 101% that you won’t lose your money this is because I know the risk of this profit oriented business and I know how to avoid them using my trading skills and signals to make only wins and no losses.*
*Are u a worker?*
♊ *Are u a student looking for your school fees? Are u a woman looking for money to pay your children school fees?*
♊ *Are u jobless and u need where u can make source of income?*
♊ *LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM is here for you! With a little amount u can earn and make more more source of income without any problems*
♊ *LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM is a platform network that deal with investing of money just within 45mins you will get back your money double*
*Thank you for your time you can click on the link below to get started, please only serious minded People are expected to message the administrator.*
CONTACT NAME Mrs. ELIZABETH TINA
CONTACT:- 09036369810…..
*LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM*
♦️♦️♦️♦️♦️♦️
♦️♦️♦️♦️♦️♦️
*NO MORE EXCUSES*
1. I don’t have money
2. I can’t talk to people
3. I don’t do stuff like this
4. I’m too Busy
Your excuses may be legit but they won’t improve your Life.
• *LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM is Fully Registered with CAC. WHICH IS COOPERATE AFFAIR COMMISSION( For those Who Think LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT is Not Registered)*
*LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM is a platform network that deal with investing of money just within 45mins you will get back your money double*
CONTACT:- +2349036369810
*LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM PACKAGE’S*
*N20,000====N40,000*
*N30, 000====N60,000*
*N50,000====N100,000*
*N100,000====N200,000*
*N200,000 ====N400,000*
*N400,000====N800,000*
*==============*
*I know you are skeptical about this because of the negative experience a lot of issues as regards scamming in the global world. I assure you 101% that you won’t lose your money this is because I know the risk of this profit oriented business and I know how to avoid them using my trading skills and signals to make only wins and no losses.*
*Are u a worker?*
♊ *Are u a student looking for your school fees? Are u a woman looking for money to pay your children school fees?*
♊ *Are u jobless and u need where u can make source of income?*
♊ *LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM is here for you! With a little amount u can earn and make more more source of income without any problems*
♊ *LAVITA RICCA INVESTMENT PROGRAM is a platform network that deal with investing of money just within 45mins you will get back your money double*
*Thank you for your time you can click on the link below to get started, please only serious minded People are expected to message the administrator.*…
CONTACT NAME Mrs. ELIZABETH TINA
CONTACT:- 09036369810.