CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF D. H. LAWRENCE’S NOVEL – SONS AND LOVERS

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Characters

Walter Morel: Initially, at the beginning of the novel, Lawrence presents Walter Morel as an important, instinctive and loving young man who as the story progresses, degenerates into a hot tempered, violent drunkard. He is exploited by his employers and dehumanised by his job, in addition, peace of mind eludes him at home so he suffers terribly. His marriage collapses partly because of the industrial life in Bestwood. It offers no prospect of improvement for him and his family. His wife despises him and makes the children to turn against him. His efforts to remain an integral part of the family are rebuffed so his character degenerates and he gets entangled in reckless spending that lands him in debt. Despite his wife’s attitude he shares in the blame for the tribulations of the family.

Mrs. Gertrude Morel: Mrs. Morel is a lively, intelligent, dynamic, and vivacious young woman who longs for sophistication and elegance. Unfortunately, she could not fully realise her personality because of poverty and the frustrating life at Bestwood. She is proud, strong willed, and has a domineering character that makes her an overbearing member of her household. She is also a great snob, a stern puritan who likes making reference to her middle class upbringing and her ancestors. However, her puritan background enables her to “continue her duties stoically as a wife” (Stephen 2000, 97). She inadvertently chooses her sons as lovers to make up for the inadequacies in her marriage.

WilliamMorel: William is a well-built, ruthlessly ambitious young man with great energy who becomes successful early in life. He is born at a time when Mrs. Morel’s bitterness and disillusionment are hardest to bear so she turns her love to William. William reciprocates but also pays attention to girls irrespective of his mother’s influence and jealousy. His exploits take him outside the family and he takes advantage of the opportunities open to him. He becomes so overwhelmed by success that he grows into a vain, snobbish, superfluous young man. Consequently, he gets entangled in unholy relationships and unruly behaviour that destroys him eventually.

Paul Morel: Paul is the second son of the Morels. He is a delicate, extremely sensitive young man and an artist. He is easy-going, neither too ambitious nor materialistic young man whose life is ruled by his mother. He is in love with Miriam but with the overbearing influence of his mother he is unable to lead a normal life and a relationship with a lady. He is still a virgin at the age of twenty and this is attributed to his devotion to his mother. He is however repelled by Miriam’s fear of sexuality. He realises that in order to approach her sexually he would have to behave like a beast which he detests. He breaks off the first phase of the affair with her because he realises that this love, as far as Miriam is concerned, is a pure spiritual thing. When he goes back to Miriam in desperation he still discovers that Miriam has not overcome her fear of sexuality but submits to his craving only as a sacrificial victim. He breaks up with her and returns to Clara with whom he experiences pure and frank sexual relationship. However, in spite of the unashamed sexual relationship, he is still unable to truly love her and she realises this too.

Miriam: Miriam is an extremely shy and self-conscious girl who relishes in a world of day dreaming, romanticism, abstraction and spirituality. She is deeply religious and mystical. She seems to be in a trance whenever she speaks and she moves about in a strange rhapsodic way. She loves in a very ravenous and possessive way. She desires a very close and intimate relationship with another person, but because of “her sheer soulful intensity she is always in danger of strangling people with her love” (Palmer 1996, 214). She is afraid of sex and sex-related issues and this mars her relationship with Paul. She recoils in anguish at the slightest reference to sex because she grew up to believe that sex is a dreadful act that has to be endured in marriage.

Clara: Clara is a worldly woman, married to Baxter Davies but gets entangled in a relationship with Paul. She goes back to her husband when she realises that Paul does not truly love her. She reasons that despite her husband’s faults, he is a surer anchor for her than Paul with his mood swings.

Contribution to the Development of the English Novel

D. H Lawrence goes beyond the immediate actions to probe into unconscious motives and feelings of his characters in a unique manner. Lawrence’s’ exploration into ‘the hinterland of consciousness’ makes him a specialised writer and is perhaps his most important contribution to the development of the English novel (Palmer 1996, 212). Through this method, he enlarges the boundaries of his readers’ consciousness and opens their eyes to a panorama of experience that otherwise would have been lost and at the same time highlights the subconscious motives of which the characters may not be aware of. He seems to feel that there is a quality in people which is not immediately visible and which even actions may not bring out so he brings out such qualities through that technique.

He believes that people’s actions are quite often motivated by unconscious and occasionally irrational feelings, he conceives of character in a way that is different from the conventional way that studies a character through words and actions. He probes right through to the basic element of a character, that quality which is not recognisable by sight, words, action or other external factors.

CONCLUSION

The novel presents the contrast between the old paternalistic system of mining which cared for the welfare of the miners and left the countryside comparatively beautiful, and the modern, efficient, mechanised system which leaves the miners and the countryside exploited and degraded. The beautiful company offices are contrasted with the squalour of the miners’ lives. This affects the relationship of the people in the area. For instance, this state of poverty, squalour and suffering contribute to the deterioration and eventual collapse of the Morels marriage.

In this article we studied D. H. Lawrence’s novel Sons and Lovers which presents a pitiable story of a miner Mr. Morel whose family life is destroyed by the industrial life in Bestwood which offers no prospect of improvement. His wife rejects him and turns her love to her sons, William and Paul. William dies and Paul becomes incapable of forming a lasting relationship with another woman, even after the mother’s death.

 

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