Science, Nature and Crises of Faith
At the beginning of Victorian reign, tenets of natural theology, most especially the belief that nature reveals evidence of God’s design, continued to enable many to accept that their religious beliefs and the scientific study of natural phenomena could peacefully co-exist. The Earl of Bridgewater Commissioned William Whitwell’s three Bridgewater Treatises (1833 – 40) to illustrate the goodness of God as manifested in the Creation, Scholars disagree on just how much advances in the study of geology, which undermine the biblical timescale, came also to undermine confidence in natural theology, with some seeing it as the foundation of a widespread crisis of faith and others emphasizing the many people who were able to refashion the story of the creation so that their faith remained in tact. Even without the new understanding of time and space emerging from the fields of geology and astronomy, mid Victorians had to contend with an array of other challenges of their faith, among them utilitarian philosophies that questioned the usefulness and rationality of religion and the insights of scholars who advocated the historical and essentially secular approach to the Bible known as Higher Criticism.
Darwin’s evolutionary idea of “Natural Selection” made it difficult to embrace the idea of God at the helm of creation and in control of the processes by which man and animals adapted to their environments. Tennyson’s In Memoriam (1850) provides intriguing evidence of the influence of emerging scientific knowledge before either The Origin of Species or Essays and Reviews arrived on the scene. Tennyson is known to have read Lyell’s Principles of Geology (1830-3) and Chamber’s Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (1844), and the influence of these and other scientific studies can be seen in his famous elegy. Some scholars point to Tennyson’s Lyrics 56 and 123 as illustrative of the poet attempting to come to terms with Lyell’s theory of the way fossil records and rock strata revealed steady physical change in the earth that resulted in the extinction of entire species. At times, the poet conveys only his sense of awe and wonder, as when in Lyric number 123 he writes.
There rolls the deep where grew the tree,
O earth, what changes has thou seen!
There where the long street roars hath been
The stillness of the central sea.
(In Memoriam. P. 91).
In this particular section of In Memoriam, Tennyson adapts his understanding of the changing earth to a more personal apprehension of relationships transformed into memory; other portions of the poem reveal a struggle to accept a scientific understanding of the world. Lyric number 56 begins:
So careful of the type? but no.
From scarped cliff and quarried stone
She cries, A thousand types are gone:
I care for nothing, all shall go.
(In Memoriam, P. 41)
The lyric goes on to post Man as heroically trusting in a beneficent God whose law is love. Throughout In Memoriam, Tennyson makes deliberate use of punctuation to emphasize emotions, raise questions, and express resignation. He evokes the resignation of having to live without answers to desperate questions:
O life as futile, then, as frail!
O for thy voice to soothe and bless!
What hope of answer, or redress?
Behind the veil, behind the veil.
Though many critics find in the poem evidence that religious faith is in conflict with scientific understanding, such an interpretation fails to capture Tennyson’s nuanced representation of the kaleidoscopic relationship between faith, belief, knowledge, the unknown, feeling, trust, proof, understanding, truth and wisdom in human experience.
To acknowledge the significance of religious language in Victorian literature, and to attend to manifestations of religious belief in a writer who embraced scientific understanding or methodology, is not to downplay the very real ways that literature of the period records crises of faith. Loss of faith is the central theme of Mathew Arnold’s mid-century poem, “Dover Beach” (1851), in which he writes that “The sea of faith”.
Was once, too, at the full, and round earth’s shore
Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furl’d;
But now I only hear
Its melancholy, long withdrawing roar.
(Gunningham, Victorians, 533)
Carlyle, Tennyson, John Stuart Mill, George Eliot, Ruskin, Swinburne, Samuel Butler and Edmund Gosse, and many others, each experienced a distinctive version of what is now often considered a classic Victorian paradigm for the loss of belief in religious certainties and authority.
CONCLUSION
The Victorian period indeed witnessed a lot of changes which also influenced the literature of that period. The colonial extension of Britain in Africa, Australia and the Caribbeans to Asia brought a lot of wealth to Britain. Corruption – physical, social, political and religious – became rampant. A lot of people had begun to lose their faith. The loss of faith is well captured in the works of George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, Alfred Tennyson and Mathew Arnold. The Victorian Age was also known to have been hypocritical about its immoral affairs.
In this article, you have been able to learn about the Victorian Age most especially its influence on English poetry. You have been told that, the Victorian period began from 1832, the year the first Reform Act was passed. We also informed you that, several writers and poets emerged during this period and their writings contributed to English literature up till today.
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