Literary Journals/Criticism
Literary journals provided the platform for literary reviews and criticism. This practice influenced the growth of the novel positively in the course of the 18th century and beyond. It created an opportunity for public discussion on the subject matter of the novels which people were reading at a given period. It also aided the popularity of the novels which in turn increased sales and circulation. This is not applicable to only the well-written novels because even the low-rated novels sold too because people wanted to know why it was rated poorly. Literary criticism published in newspapers and literary journals therefore helped to popularise or bring down works and this in turn affected the circulation of such works.
Journals like The Spectator and The Tartler at the beginning of the 18th century pioneered literary criticism and other literary journals emerged in the middle of the century and by the 1780s, the reception of criticisms by the reading public became a new marketing platform for novels, and authors and publishers recognised it as such. On the part of the authors, they became self conscious and wrote to satisfy the target audience while publishers ensured high quality production of the novels.
Consequently, literary criticism contributed to improved artistic quality and originality of themes in the novels. Gradually the novel moved from a form of entertainment to text books with its introduction in the curricula of secondary school and universities. This further enhanced the development and rise of the novel. By the end of the 18th century, the public perception of the place of a particular novel was no longer based on the taste of the aristocratic class or what was fashionable to read but by the attention accorded it by literary criticismin the journals and other media.
CONCLUSION
Several factors contributed to the development and rise of the novel. They include romance; literacy; the invention of paper and printing press; serialisation of the novel; the circulating library; leisure; shifts in the reading taste of the audience; and literary journals/criticism. The novel is a vibrant literary genre of prose fiction which reflected the age, culture and other socio-political issues of a particular period.
The novel in its present form evolved over the centuries through a complex interaction between authors, their publishers on one hand and the reading public and literary criticism on the other hand. Its inclusion in the curricula of schools as text through the experts who teach and discuss literature in schools and in the media also aided the growth of the English novel. Through criticism, good authors are celebrated with awards and prizes so criticism can make or mar an author or a particular novel. Authors therefore strove for excellence through the improvement of their individual styles to ensure the acceptability and popularity of their works.
In this article, we have discussed the factors that contributed to the development of prose fiction. The term novel as is known today is traced to the publication of Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe in 1719. Initially, reading was a form of status symbol but gradually the reading public increased and went beyond the aristocrats to include the middle and lower classes as the level of literacy increased. Literary criticism aided the public appreciation of and the popularity of a particular novel.
The invention of paper and printing press and also the establishment of circulating libraries accelerated the development of the novel as they helped to widen the circulation of the novels to reach readers of almost all classes and reading habits. The novel as a genre of prose fiction developed from a combination of Daniel Defoe’s lone adventure novels, Samuel Richard’s Epistolary novels, Henry Fielding’s comic masterpieces, Jane Austin’s highly polished novels about the life of landed gentry, Walter Scott’s historical novels, collectively made the list of novelists to continue to grow in leaps and bounds from these early beginnings.
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