A CRITICAL STUDY OF JONATHAN SWIFT NOVEL– GULLIVER’S TRAVELS (1705)

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Setting

It is clear that the journey undertaken by Gulliver is an imaginary one. However, since it is written in the Age of Reason, Swift tries to relate it in a realistic style in conformity with the convention of that Age. The physical setting of the story is at The Court of Lilliput, Mildendo, the Capital of Lilliput, and the Emperor’s Palace where greater part of the action takes place.

He gives a vivid description of the environment in each of the settings. The Age of Reason The Age of Reason, 18th Century, is basically an Age that presumed that human beings could know everything and in fact, control everything ultimately. It was an age of famous scientific discoveries. The general belief was that human beings would use their scientific knowledge to improve the world. It was the age in which Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation and other major laws. The Age of Reason also believed that there were discoverable rules like politics that control human behaviour.

The essence of the Age of Reason is that man’s greatness lies in the fact that he is a rational being, so whatever is said must be analysed. This influenced prose fiction and other forms of writing. People were not reading prose as a form of entertainment but subjected the works to critical analysis in an attempt to evaluate what was said; the mode of presentation; style; and language.

The Age produced journalists, diarists, and talented letter writers who helped to develop the novel. For instance, Pamela is a novel that evolved from a collection of letters. (Greenberg et al 1973, 34)It was an age that emphasised reasoning and analysis. Jonathan Swift in this work satirises the idealistic beliefs of that age by presenting human inadequacies from various perspectives to show how far they have “…fallen from the ideal, and then they would want to do better” (Doren 1930, 24).

He portrays the animalistic tendencies of human beings to show that people’s obsession with self importance, and the need to protect their ego pushes them to evil tendencies. He also shows the limitations of human reasoning and how human beings could be controlled by passion and pride in that state could act in a bastardly manner. He illustrates this in his essay, “A Modest Proposal” where he suggest that one hundred thousand Irish babies be fattened up for a year (to be fricasseed or roasted whole), then sold for food and their skins used to produce soft gloves. This is a very practical, reasonable plan especially from the economic point of view but vied from the humane angle it is unthinkably inhumane. He used this “Modest Proposal” to call attention to the oppression of the poor represented by the babies. He contends the poor who are starving while the rich feed fat on their toils and labour.

Jonathan Swift though an Anglican, decried the injustice against and oppression of the Catholics and uses his works to sue for peace. However, in Gulliver’s Travels he satirises extremities of both the Catholics and Protestants as illustrated in the action of The Lilliputian Big Enders and Little Enders in which each want to exterminate the other because of the way they break their eggs, though their mutually sacred book says, “All true believers shall break their eggs at the convenient end”.

In the same way, the Catholics and Protestants are perpetual enemies and are ready to kill each other yet they profess the same faith in Christ’s brotherly love and claim to live by the tenets of the same sacred text, the Bible. Swift also satirises the claim of civilisation by the Age of Reason and maintains that despite the seemingly beautiful inventions of the age, people are yet to rise above their animalistic nature. He therefore criticises their pretensions “from a double perspective: because of reason, people can hope to rule the universe, but because of their vices, even their godlike reason can be seen as puny, conniving, and self- serving” (Greenberg et al, 1973, 32). He concludes that what the people of his age do is not reasoning but rationalisation in which they give reasons to justify their actions.

CONCLUSION

In this article, we discussed Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift who was a champion of freedom, a critic of Ireland who became its national hero, a misanthrope who gave his money to charity, and a child – hater who wrote a great children’s classic. (Murry 1954, 40). Many Scholars do not regard it as novel because of its use of extra ordinary characters who are not realistic. They are used instead as parodies of real human beings. His work is a satire which reflects some of the ideals of a civilised society that claims to operate based on truth, justice, and morality but does not actually practice what it preaches.

We have also learnt in this article that Gulliver is trained as a doctor, a scientist, and therefore a good representative of the practical man of the Age of reason. He is devoid of emotion as he narrates his story in a scientific manner, specifically and objectively. He takes the reader through four voyages and presents people from different societies and their perspectives on the issues that were predominant during the Age of Reason. The author uses the voyages and Guilliver’s interactions with the people to satirise human foibles and pretensions.

 

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