Varieties of English (Concomitantly of Business English)
There have always been varieties of English, a feature which identifies words by status, suggesting that words in English (and, of course, in other languages) enjoy different levels of respectability in usage. These varieties are traditionally classified into Standard and Non – Standard English. Standard English has the varieties of Formal and Informal English. While Formal Standard English has the varieties of Written, Spoken and Jargon English, Informal Standard English is classified into Spoken and Written forms.
For its own part Non-standard English is classified into Colloquial, Dialect, Slang and Cant categories. (For a full discussion of this topic, see Okenimkpe, 2004, pages 51 – 57). Many books on slang English (and, of course, on other varieties of English) have been written, one of the best known and most relevant to Nigeria being C. N. C. Asomugha’s (1981) Nigerian slangs: A dictionary of slangs and unconventional English used in Nigeria. The issue of unconventional English has received so much attention from scholars that many high-status books have been written on it. Examples in our environment are New Englishes: A West African perspective edited by Ayo Bamgbose, Ayo Banjo and Andrew Thomas (1995) and David Jowitt’s (1991) Nigerian English usage: An introduction.
Patois, cockney and pidgin versions of languages (such as of English and French), i.e., localised forms of lingua franca, have over the centuries existed along with the formal categories, and differences in spelling and pronunciation between British and American English (giving rise to the notion of B.E. and Am. E.) and, of course, differences, particularly in pronunciation among British, American and other versions of English, have all along been recognised. However, there have always existed a kind of discrimination against Non-standard English in favour of Standard English. In other words, while Standard English was regarded as the language of educated people – polished and sophisticated people – Non-standard English was perceived as the language of the uneducated and poorly educated people, i.e., people generally of low rank. (Other attitudes exhibited in the use of these two versions of English are discussed fully in the section of Okenimkpe, 2004, to which we have made reference).
In contemporary times, usage in the English Language has received its own share of the influence of the phenomenon of modernism in two dimensions. First, the discrimination against Non-standard English seems to have become considerably relaxed. Non-standard English has come to be viewed in some quarters as the language of the ordinary users of the language – the common people – and, so, the genuine true language. Thus, the common attitude is tending towards turning to seeing the use of either form of the language in terms of preference, rather than in terms of superiority or inferiority to reflect the status of the user. However, one wants to note that one has not yet seen a professor giving an inaugural lecture in pidgin or cockney English or the Secretary of the UNO addressing the General Assembly in patois.
The second influence is that, while considerable modifications are being made to Standard English, many additions are being made to Non-standard English. Concerning modifications, we might note the considerable relaxation of punctuation (communicators now relying mainly on syntax for achieving clarity), the omitting of some Prepositions in some contexts: (He threw the water out the window; He arrived Abuja at nine, etc.) and, the pluralisation of Distributive Pronouns and Singular Nouns qualified by singular Distributive Adjectives: (Everybody must cast their votes; Each pupil is to submit their exercise book).
In addition to these, we now have acronyms and abbreviations coined by individual users for telephone text and e-mail messages (i.e., in electronic communication), such as abit; a lot; the shop seems to have bin closed; AFAIK – as far as I know etc. .There is now the Wikipedia, an electronic collectively edited encyclopedia, which seems to be synthesizing varieties of English across the globe.
Some people call this complexity of emerging varieties of English Default American English and regard it as the language of modern business. In a course of this kind – which is more concerned with language than with the computer (or electronic systems) – the advice that one can give is that people engaging in business should familiarise themselves with these kinds of usage, so that they can, when necessary, use and/or understand them.
CONCLUSION
Clearly, communicating (whether in the oral or written mode) is an activity which requires the acquisition of certain definite skills. For every level of communicating (whether for routine, day-to-day interacting with people in both modes or as a professional function), we must endeavour to acquire the requisite skills for making that task effective.
In this article, we have examined what are called “Elements of Communication” (or the “Communication Package), i.e., the components of a language which we must master (in this case, English) in order to be able to interact with other people effectively. These elements consist, at the first level, of tools of communication, divided into Extrinsic Tools (or Skills) and Intrinsic Tools (or Skills). The Intrinsic Skills themselves are divisible into Mechanical (or Rote) Skills and Cognitive Skills. All these skills are applied with many kinds of aids while one is carrying out the familiar forms of practical communication (such as that concerned with oral interaction among people in an office, concerned with reporting – in its Executive and Minutes-keeping forms) and concerned with writing memoranda, letters, communiqués, e-mail, etc. At a person’s stage of using these elements efficiently, the person is now able to give serious consideration to Factors of Communication (or the Communication Stat), which consists of those elements listed in our diagram.
We also discussed the register of business communication, explaining that the register consists of the terminology (terms, lexis, words, vocabulary and expressions) which are peculiar or unique to business communication, i.e., words and expressions which carry special meanings for professionals in business. We gave many specimens of the register from one chapter of a book on business English.
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